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| Kitty Fisher |
Kitty FisherCatherine Maria ('Kitty') Fisher (died 1767) was one of the most famous English courtesans of her day.
Known for her beauty, wit and horse-riding skills, she was a favourite model of Sir Joshua Reynolds and an aspiring actress.
When he visited London in the 1760s, Casanova met "... the illustrious Kitty Fisher, who was just beginning to be fashionable". He wrote in his memoirs:
:"She was magnificently dressed, and it is no exaggeration to say that she had on diamonds worth five hundred thousand francs. Goudar told me that if I liked I might have her then and there for ten guineas. I did not care to do so, however, for, though charming, she could only speak English, and I liked to have all my senses, including that of hearing, gratified. When she had gone, Mrs. Wells told us that Kitty had eaten a bank-note for a thousand guineas, on a slice of bread and butter, that very day. The note was a present from Sir Akins, brother of the fair Mrs. Pitt. I do not know whether the bank thanked Kitty for the present she had made it." (In London And Moscow: The English by Jacques Casanova de Seingalt).
Nathaniel Hone painted her in 1765, at the height of her popularity. His famous painting, now in the National Portrait Gallery, London, shows her with a kitten ('kitty'), which is trying to get at a goldfish in a bowl ('fisher'). Reflected in the bowl are the faces of a crowd of people, looking through a window.
Kitty maintained a famous rivalry with Maria Gunning, who became Lady Coventry. Giustiniana Wynne, visiting London at the time, wrote:
:"The other day they ran into each other in the park and Lady Coventry asked Kitty the name of the dressmaker who had made her dress. [Kitty Fisher] answered she had better ask Lord Coventry as he had given her the dress as a gift."
Giustiniana also wrote that "She lives in the greatest possible splendor, spends twelve thousand pounds a year, and she is the first of her social class to employ liveried servants - she even has liveried chaise porters." (Quoted in A Venetian Affair by Andrea di Robilant)
Besides sitting for Sir Joshua Reynolds (multiple times) and Nathaniel Hone, she was painted by Philip Mercier and James Northcote, among others. Apart from the letters of Giustiniana Wynne, she is mentioned in the diaries and letters of people as varied as Madame D'Arblay and Horace Walpole.
In 1766, she married Mr. Norris, son of the M.P. for Rye.
She died from the effects of lead-based cosmetics in 1767.
She is immortalised in the nursery rhyme, Lucy Locket.
External links
- [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp01587 Portraits of Kitty Fisher in the National Portrait Gallery, London.]
- [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/9/7/2973/2973.txt In London And Moscow: The English by Jacques Casanova de Seingalt], Gutenburg Project.
Fisher, Kitty
Fisher
1767
1767 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar).
Events
- The Burmese army captures the Thai capital of Ayutthaya, and destroys the city.
- North Carolina woodsman Daniel Boone goes through the Cumberland Gap and reaches Kentucky - in defiance of a decree from King George III. He discovers a rich hunting ground, contested by several Native American tribes.
- American Whalers venture into the Antarctic for the first time, and begin to commercially exploit it.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau settles in England.
- The first known competition of the winter sport biathlon takes place, in Norway
- The final volume of The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy by Laurence Sterne is published.
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart completes his first true opera, Apollo et Hyacinthus.
- June - Jean Chastel kills the infamous Beast of Gévaudan by firing 2 silver bullets at it because he thought it was a werewolf. The Beasts Reign of Terror began in 1764.
- June 29 - The Townshend Acts are passed by British Parliament, placing a tax on common products, such as lead, paper, paint, glass, and tea.
- First use of the term 'Fine art'
Births
- January 1 - Maria Edgeworth, Irish novelist (d. 1849)
- March 15 - Andrew Jackson, 7th President of the United States (d. 1845)
- March 25 - Joachim Murat, French marshal and King of Naples (d. 1815)
- April 25 - Nicolas Oudinot, French marshal (d. 1847)
- May 12 - Manuel de Godoy, Spanish statesman (d. 1851)
- July 11 - John Quincy Adams, 6th President of the United States (d. 1848)
- October 25 - Benjamin Constant, Swiss writer (d. 1830)
- November 22 - Andreas Hofer, Austrian national hero (d. 1810)
Deaths
- January 7 - Thomas Clap, first president of Yale University (b. 1703)
- January 22 - Johann Gottlob Lehmann, German minerologist and geologist (b. 1719)
- March 7 - Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, French colonizer and Governor of Louisiana (b. 1680)
- April 7 - Franz Sparry, composer (b. 1715)
- June 25 - Georg Philipp Telemann, German composer (b. 1681)
- September 4 - Charles Townshend, English politician (b. 1725)
- December 1 - Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan, British Freemason (b. 1710)
- December 22 - John Newbery, English publisher (b. 1713)
- Firmin Abauzit, French scientist (b. 1679)
Category:1767
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CourtesanA courtesan is a person paid and/or supported for the giving of social companionship and intimate liaisons to one or more partners. The word is generally reserved for those who enjoyed the most social status for such services. Although the term has been applied to people from several cultures and historical periods, it is most applicable for those to whom it was first given: the women of Renaissance Europe who held a socially recognized, if not quite socially accepted, position as well-compensated companions. Courtesans played an important role; they took the place of wives at social functions because wives were kept at home to prevent their "contamination" by the culture of the day. They also provided an outlet for restless husbands and helped bring men back to a "healthy" heterosexuality.
Whether the role of courtesans should be romanticized or scorned is a matter of dispute. On the positive side, they had freedoms that were extremely rare for other women at the time. They were not only financially comfortable (when business was good), but financially independent, with control of their own resources rather than dependency on male relatives. They were very well-educated, compared even to upper-class women, and often held simultaneous careers as performers and artists. On the negative side, courtesans were, as a means of survival, dependent on upper-class "protectors" to provide them with shelter and support. They were required to provide charming companionship for extended periods, no matter what their own feelings might be at the time. They were also, because of the sexual aspects of their profession, subject to lower social status and religious disapproval. They were sometimes limited in their apparel by various sumptuary laws and were restricted in where they could appear at social functions. Periods of overt religious piety in a city would often lead to persecutions of the courtesans, up to and including accusations of witchcraft.
Pietro Aretino, a Renaissance writer, wrote a series of dialogues (Capricciosi ragionamenti) in which a mother teaches her daughter what options were available to women and how to be an effective courtesan. Emile Zola wrote the book Nana about a courtesan in nineteenth century France.
Compare with: call girl, escort, geisha, hetaira, mistress, prostitute, tawaif.
Famous courtesans
- Lais (killed 340 BC)
- Su Xiaoxiao (late 5th century)
- Theodora (500-548)
- Veronica Franco (1546-1591)
- Marion Delorme (circa 1613-1650)
- Ninon de l'Enclos (1615-1705)
- Kitty Fisher (died 1767)
- Harriette Wilson (1786-1846)
- Marie Duplessis (1824-1847)
- Sarah Bernhardt (1844–1923)
- Mata Hari (1876–1917)
Reference
- Griffin, Susan, The Book of the Courtesans, Broadway Books
Lawnes, Lynne. Lives of the Courtesans: Portaits of the Renaissance. Rizzoli; New York, 1987.
Category:Occupations
Category:prostitution
Sir Joshua Reynolds
Sir Joshua Reynolds (July 16, 1723 – February 23, 1792) was the most important and influential of 18th century English painters, specialising in portraits and promoting the "Grand Style" in painting which depended on idealization of the imperfect. He was one of the founders and first President of the Royal Academy. George III appreciated his merits and knighted him in 1769.
Reynolds was born in Plympton St Maurice, Devon, on 16 July 1723, and apprenticed in 1740 to the fashionable portrait painter Thomas Hudson, with whom he remained until 1743. From 1749 to 1752, he spent over two years in Italy, mainly in Rome, where he studied the Old Masters and acquired a taste for the "Grand Style". From 1753 on, he lived and worked in London. He became a close friend of Dr Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edmund Burke, Henry Thrale, David Garrick and fellow artist Angelica Kauffmann. He was one of the earliest members of the Royal Society of Arts: he encouraged that society's interest in contemporary art and, with Gainsborough, established the Royal Academy as a spin-out organisation.
With his rival Thomas Gainsborough, he was the dominant English portraitist of the second half of the 18th century. Reynolds painted in more of an idealized fashion than his rival. Reynolds was a brilliant academic. His lectures (Discourses) on art, delivered at the Royal Academy between 1769 and 1790, are remembered for their sensitivity and perception. In one of these lectures he was of the opinion that "invention, strictly speaking, is little more than a new combination of those images which have been previously gathered and deposited in the memory." In 1789 he lost the sight of his left eye, and on 23 February 1792 he died in his house in Leicester Fields, London. He was buried in St. Paul's Cathedral.
See also
- English school of painting
English school of painting
External links
Books
- [http://www.yale.edu/yup/books/085338.htm Sir Joshua Reynolds, A Complete Catalogue of His Paintings]
- [http://www.yale.edu/yup/books/087330.htm The Letters of Sir Joshua Reynolds]
- [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/pubreyn.asp Sir Joshua Reynolds: The Painter in Society]
- Project Gutenberg e-text of Sir Joshua Reynolds' [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2176 Seven Discourses on Art]
- [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp03755&page=2&role=art National Portrait Gallery Collection]
- [http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ladylever/collections/18cportraits.asp Reynolds portraits] from the [http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ladylever/index.asp Lady Lever Art Gallery] collection
- [http://www.nga.gov/cgi-bin/pbio?26400 National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.: Sir Joshua Reynolds]
- [http://cgfa.sunsite.dk/reynolds/reynolds_bio.htm Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723–1792)]
- [http://www.j-m-w-turner.co.uk/artist/turner-reynolds.htm Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723–92)]
- [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/reynolds_sir_joshua.html Artcyclopedia: Sir Joshua Reynolds]
- [http://www.thrale.com/history/english/hester_and_henry/hesters_writings/reynolds_portraits.php Twelve Joshua Reynolds portraits] in Henry Thrale's library.
Reynolds, Joshua
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Reynolds, Joshua
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Reynolds, Joshua
ja:ジョシュア・レノルズ
CasanovaCasanova can refer to:
- Giacomo Casanova, a famous 18th century Italian adventurer.
- Casanova, a 1971 BBC Television serial.
- Il Casanova de Federico Fellini also released as Fellini's Casanova, a 1976 feature film.
- Casanova, a 2005 BBC Television serial.
- Casanova, a 2005 feature film.
- Sebastien Casanova
- Casanova, a commune of the Haute-Corse département of France, on the island of Corsica.
Nathaniel HoneNathaniel Hone (24 April 1718 – 14 August 1784) was an Irish-born portrait and miniature painter, and one of the founder members of the Royal Academy in 1768.
The son of a Dublin-based Dutch merchant, Hone moved to England as a young man and, after marrying in 1742, eventually settled in London, by which time he had acquired a reputation as a portrait-painter despite not having had any formal training in the art. While his paintings were popular, his reputation was particularly enhanced by his skill at producing miniatures and enamels. He interrupted his time in London by spending two years (1750-1752) studying in Italy.
As a portrait painter, several of his works are now held at the National Portrait Gallery in London. His sitters included magistrate Sir John Fielding and Methodist preacher John Wesley.
He courted controversy in 1775 when his satirical picture "The Conjurer" was seen to attack the fashion for Italian Renaissance art and to ridicule Sir Joshua Reynolds (it also included a nude caricature of fellow Academician Angelica Kauffmann, later painted out by Hone), and was rejected by the Royal Academy. To show his reputation was undamaged, Hone organised a one-man retrospective in London – the first such solo exhibition of an artist’s work.
His great-grand-nephew shared the same name and was also a notable Irish painter, known as Nathaniel Hone the Younger (1831-1917).
Hone, Nathaniel
Hone, Nathaniel
Hone, Nathaniel
National Portrait GalleryAt least three art galleries are named National Portrait Gallery:
- National Portrait Gallery (Australia)
- National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom)
- National Portrait Gallery (United States)
See also: Scottish National Portrait Gallery
Category:National museums
Kitten
The term kitten (Old English genitive of Cat) most commonly refers to a pre-adolescent cat. It may also refer to a young rabbit, rat, hedgehog or squirrel. This article discusses kittens of the domestic cat.
Birth and development
A litter of kittens usually consists of three to six kittens. Born after approximately 63 days of gestation, kittens emerge in an amnion which is bitten off and eaten by the mother cat. For the first several weeks, kittens are unable to urinate or defecate without being stimulated by their mother.
Kittens open their eyes about seven to ten days following birth. At first, the retina is poorly developed and the vision is poor. Kittens are not able to see as well as adult cats for about three months. Cats cannot see in total darkness. What may seem dark to us offers some glimmer of light to enable a cat to see. This dim light vision is somewhat fuzzy and they cannot distinguish detail. During daylight, their vision is far more acute.
Between two and seven weeks kittens develop very quickly. Their coordination and strength improve and they spar with their litter-mates and begin to explore the world outside the nest. They learn to wash themselves and others and play hunting and stalking games. If they are outdoor cats their mother or other adult cats may demonstrate hunting techniques for them to emulate.
Gradually, as they reach one month of age, the kittens are weaned and begin to eat solid food. Kittens live primarily on solid food after weaning but usually continue to suckle from time to time until separated from their mothers. Some mother cats will scatter their kittens as early as at three months of age while others continue to look after them until they approach sexual maturity.
weanedBetween two and six months, kittens grow quickly, going through a "leggy" and energetic phase. By the end of its first year, the kitten has become a cat, although some larger breeds such as the Maine Coon may take a few more months to attain full adult size. The breed Manx requires a full five years before becoming fully grown. Kittens usually become sexually mature at six to eight months, but females in particular can mature earlier. Kittens' gender can be determined relatively easy around the age of six to eight weeks, although it is also possible at earlier stages of development. Males' urinal opening is round, whereas females' is a slit. Also the distance between anus and urinal opening is greater in males than in females.
Kittens are highly social animals and spend most of their waking hours interacting with their mother and littermates. Although domestic kittens are commonly sent to new homes at six to eight weeks of age, some experts believe that being with its mother and littermates from six to twelve weeks is important for a kitten's behavioral development. Most cat breeders will not sell a kitten that is younger than twelve weeks.
The young of species in the genus Panthera, and of some other big cats, are called cubs rather than kittens. Either term may be used for the young of smaller wild felids such as ocelots, caracals, and lynxes, but "kitten" is usually more common for these species.
Caring for domestic kittens
lynx
Kittens require a diet higher in protein and fat than adult cats do. From weaning until about one year of age they should be fed a diet specifically formulated for kittens. Most veterinarians recommend that kittens be vaccinated against common illnesses beginning at 2-3 months of age and spayed or neutered at 5-8 months of age. Some veterinarians will spay or neuter kittens who are as young as 6-8 weeks. This practice is particularly common in animal shelters. Kittens should also be wormed against roundworms from 4 weeks.
Orphaned kittens who are too young to eat solid food should be fed a commercial cat milk replacement formula every two to four hours. Kittens should not be fed cow's milk because it does not provide all of the necessary nutrients and may cause diarrhea. Orphaned kittens who are too young to urinate and defecate at will should be stimulated to do so by rubbing with a damp washcloth after each meal.
If your kitten develops diarrhea, the best treatment is removal of food for 12 hours (provide access to water only). Slowly reintroduce small amounts of bland food such as boiled chicken and rice. Slowly reintroduce their usual food, avoiding 'strong' varieties, such as beef and liver-based food. Your kitten may also need to be dewormed, as this may cause diarrhea.
Perceptions of cuteness
Feline kittens are stereotypically (and typically) very cute to human perception. Entire websites such as [http://kittenwar.com/ Kittenwar.com] are devoted to the cute look and behavior of kittens.
There are good evolutionary reasons to expect humans to find juvenile humans, and perhaps juvenile animals in general, cute. This is related to the novelty of the exaggerated size of the head that is common to juvenile mammals and many other species. Why humans find cats in general cuter than most other species remains a topic of speculation.
As a result of these perceptions, kittens are sometimes referred to figuratively as something pleasant to view, or as something that will induce affectionate or protective behaviour in humans.
See also
- Cat
- Purr
- Felidae
- Felis
- Hello Kitty
- Cuteness
External link
- Wikibooks:How to choose your pet and take care of it
Category:Cats
Goldfish
The Goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) was one of the earliest fish to be domesticated, and is still one of the most commonly-kept aquarium fish. A relatively small member of the carp family (which also includes the Koi carp and the Crucian carp), the goldfish is a domesticated version of a dark-gray/olive/brown carp native to East Asia (first domesticated in China) that was introduced to Europe in the late 17th Century. It may grow to a maximum length of 23 inches (59.0 cm) and a maximum weight of 6.6 lb (3.0 kg), although this is rare; most individuals grow to under half this size.
History
During the Tang Dynasty, it was popular for Chinese ponds to have carps as a common thing to do, nearly in all ponds. One day, there was a genetic mutation in one of the carps, and it turned from silver to "gold" (actually yellowy orange, which is why it is called goldfish), and tends to be a dominant gene.
Afterwards, the people began to breed the gold variety instead of the silver, and began to keep them into small containers to watch.
In 1162 A.D. The Emperor ordered to build a pond to collect the red and gold variety of those carps, and it is by then, people who do not belong to the royal family are forbidden to keep gold goldfish and order was given to the keepers to kill all the Goldfish that are yellow (gold) in colour because yellow is the royal colour and the court got offended. This is why there are more orange goldfish than yellow goldfish, in fact very rare, although genetically yellow is easier to have by breeding.
As bred in captivity, more mutations occured breeding more colours and brings up the occurance of fancy goldfish.
According to old books, the occurance of other colours were first recorded in 1276AD.
In Ming Dynasty, occurance fancy tailed goldfish were first recorded.
In 1502 AD, goldfish was introduced to Japan, where they developed the Ryukin and Tosakin varieties.
In 1611AD, goldfish was introduced to Portugal, which is the path of goldfish being introduced to other parts of Europe.
The Goldfish finally was introduced to North America in 1874 AD.
Science Reference: Hong Kong Ocean Park.
Dating Referece: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E9%B1%BC
Native Environment
Goldfish natively live in ponds, and other slow or still moving bodies of water in depths up to 20 m (65.6 ft. Their native climate is subtropical and they live in freshwater with a 6.0 - 8.0 pH, a water hardness of 5.0 - 19.0 dGH, and a temperature range of 40 to 106 °F (4 to 41 °C) although they will not survive long at the higher temperatures. Indeed, they are considered ill-suited even to live in a heated tropical fish tank, as they are used to the greater amount of oxygen in unheated tanks.
In the wild, the diet consists of crustaceans, insects, and plant matter.
Aquarium conditions
The goldfish is quite hardy which accounts for part of its popularity. Their supposed reputation in some areas for dying quickly is often due to poor care amongst uninformed buyers, especially children, looking for a "cheap" pet. The goldfish is a cold-water fish, and can live in an unheated aquarium or in an outdoor water garden. In a pond, it will even survive brief periods of ice forming on the surface, so long as there is enough oxygen remaining in the water and the pond does not freeze solid.
Like most carp, goldfish produce a large amount of waste both in the feces and through their gills, releasing harmful chemicals in the water. Build up of this waste to toxic levels can occur in a relatively short period of time, often the cause of a fish's sudden death. Although goldfish were historically displayed in small "goldfish bowls", a healthy and happy goldfish requires at least 10 US gallons of water in order to live a full life. Each additional fish requires an additional ten gallons (nearly 40 litres) of water. In fact, for single tailed varieties, such as commons or comets, it may even become necessary to have 20 to 50 US gallons (75 to 200 litres) per fish, depending on fish size. Other goldfish experts say that it is the amount of water surface area, not the water volume, that decides how many goldfish may live in a container; one square foot of water surface area for every inch of goldfish length. For example, if you had 3 goldfish of length 4 inches each, you might need 12 square feet of water surface area. Surface area is an approximate measure of how much oxygen may be absorbed into the water from the air. If the water is being further aerated by way of water pump, filter or fountain, more goldfish may be kept in the container.
While it is true that goldfish can survive in a fairly wide temperature range, the optimal range for indoor fish is 68 to 75 °F (20 to 23 °C). Pet goldfish, as with many other fish, will usually eat more food than it needs if given, which can lead to a fatal intestinal blockage. They are omnivorous and do best with a wide variety of fresh vegetables and fruit to supplement a flake or pellet diet staple.
It is important to remember that sudden changes in water temperature can be fatal to any fish, including the goldfish; when transferring a store-bought goldfish to either a garden pond or an indoor tank, the temperature in the storage container should be equalized by leaving it in the destination container for at least 20 minutes before releasing the goldfish. In addition, some temperature changes might simply be too great for even the hardy goldfish to adjust to. For example, buying a goldfish in a store, where the water might be 70 °F (approximately 21 °C), and hoping to release it into your garden pond at 40 °F (4 °C) will probably result in the death of the goldfish, even if you use the slow immersion method just described. A goldfish will need a lot more time, perhaps days or weeks, to adjust to such a different temperature.
Varieties of domesticated goldfish
Selective breeding over centuries has produced several color variations, some of them far removed from the "golden" color of the originally domesticated fish. There are also different body shapes, fin and eye configurations. Some extreme versions of the goldfish do need to be kept in an aquarium — they are much less hardy than varieties closer to the "wild" original, however more robust variations such as the Shubunkin are more hardy. The main varieties are:
aquarium
- Common
- Black Moor
- Bubble Eye
- Celestial Eye
- Comet
- Fantail
- Lionhead
- Oranda
- Pearlscale
- Pompom
- Ryukin
- Shubunkin
- Telescope Eye
- Ranchu
- Panda Moor
- Veiltail
Chinese Goldfish Classification
In Chinese goldfish keeping, goldfish are classified into 4 main types, these classifications are not commonly used in the west.
- Dragon Eye - Goldfish with extended eyes, e.g. Black Moor, Bubble Eye & Telescope Eye
- Egg - Goldfish without a dorsal fin. e.g. Lionhead (note that a Bubble Eye without a dorsal fin belongs to this group)
- Wen - Goldfish with dorsal fin and a fancy tail. e.g. Veiltail
- Ce (may also be called "grass") - Goldfish without anything fancy. Which is the type that is used for Japanese carnivals, especially for "goldfish scoops".
Wild Goldfish and relationship to Crucian carp
Domesticated goldfish left to their own devices will over time revert to their wild form. No fancy goldfish can survie in the wild as they are evolved to adapt domesticated environments. It is believed by many to be the Crucian Carp which the wild goldfish resembles closely, however research by [http://www.aquarticles.com/articles/ponds/Pearce_Common_Goldfishhtml.htm Dr Yoshiichi Matsui] suggests that there are subtle differences which demonstrate that while the Crucian Carp is the ancestor of the Goldfish, they are not the same fish.
Behaviour
It is often said that goldfish have a memory span of only a few seconds, but this is not entirely true. Goldfish have what could be called a selective memory; that is to say, they have some kind of consciousness of what has happened on previous occasions, but may not be sure exactly what it was. They can learn to eat from a certain ring inside their tank, or even from their caretaker's hand, because they will remember that there is something good in that area, but might not remember what.
This behavior, or type of learning is an example of classical conditioning. If a predatory animal such as a heron is around, they will likely hide away for quite a while, but they probably do not know what it is they are hiding from; they simply know it is worth avoiding. Goldfish have a sense of time, and in captivity may be able to recognize a set feeding schedule, becoming excited before food even appears. Contrary to the notion that goldfish have poor memory, they will respond to a visit by a predator such as a raccoon, which may completely trash a small pond traumatizing the resident goldfish, which may remain extremely shy and jittery to any approach thereafter.
Mythbusters explored the idea by Jamie Hyneman and Adam Savage each trying to train goldfish to navigate a maze over a 45 day period. The result was that the fish could definitely be trained to navigate the maze.
- [ http://www.mythbustersfanclub.com/html/sinking_titanic.html Mythbusters fanclub page about this episode
There is an urban legend that a pregnant goldfish is called a "twit" or "twat", but this was debunked by The Straight Dope. Also, goldfish are egglayers and do not become pregnant.
Feeding
Like most fish, goldfish are opportunistic feeders, meaning they will eat whenever food is available, whether they are hungry or not. This habit can be fatal. Their digestive tract can become so jammed with food that the intestines tear open, killing the fish. Also, an excess of food means more waste and feces, which pollute the tank. Goldfish should only be feed as much food as they can consume in 3 to 4 minutes, and no more than twice a day.
A good way to tell if your goldfish is being properly fed is to look as their feces. They should be short and chunky, the same color as the food the fish is eating. Long strings of waste that trail behind the fish as they swim could be a sign of over-feeding.
Breeding
Goldfish, like all cyprinids are egglayers. They adhesive eggs which attach themselves to aquatic vegetation. The eggs hatch within 48-72 hours, releasing fry large enough to be described as appearing like "an eyelash with two eyeballs". Within a week or so, the fry begin to look more like a goldfish in shape, although it can be as much as a year before they take their mature goldfish color, until then they are a metallic brown like their wild forebears. In their first weeks of existence, the fry grow remarkably fast; an adaptation borne of the high risk of getting devoured by the adult goldfish (or othert fish and insects) in their environment.
Goldfish can only grow to sexual maturity if given enough water and the right nutrition. However if kept well, they may breed indoors. Breeding usually happens after a significant change in temperature, often in spring. Eggs should then be separated into another tank, as the parents will likely eat any of their young that they happen upon. Dense plants such as Cabomba or Elodea or a spawning mop are used to catch the eggs
Most goldfish can and will breed if left to themselves, particulairly in pond settings. Males chase the females around, bumping and nudging them in order to prompt the females to release her eggs, which the males then fertilize. In most aquariums. Due to the strange shapes of some extreme modern bred goldfish, certain types can no longer breed among themselves. In these cases, a method of artificial breeding is used called "Hand stripping". This method keeps the breed going, but can be dangerous and harmful to the fish if not done correctly.
Mosquito Control
In certain parts of the world, goldfish and other carp fishes are frequently added to stagnant ponds in order to reduce the mosquito populations, especially now with the arrival of West Nile Virus which relies on mosquitoes to migrate. Their introduction often has unfortunate consequences for local ecosystems, however.
Edibility & Cruelty
Although edible, the fish is rarely eaten. A fad among American college students for many years was swallowing goldfish as a stunt and as an initiation process for fraternities. The first recorded instance was in 1939 at Harvard University. The practice gradually fell out of popularity over the course of several decades.
In many countries, the operators of carnivals and fairs commonly give goldfish away in plastic bags as prizes for winning games. In the United Kingdom, the government proposed banning this practice as part of its Animal Welfare Bill, though early 2005 reports suggest that this idea has been dropped. However, in Rome, Italy, the city passed a law in late 2005, which banned the use of goldfish or other animals as carnival prizes. Rome has also banned the keeping of goldfish in "goldfish bowls", on the premise that it's cruel to the fish to live in such a small space.
While being otherwise unkind to pretty fish may now be prohibited, killing fish (humanely) for for human consumption or benign purposes (such as putting down an ill fish) is still legal in most countries (provided of course that the fish is not a protected fish caught in the wild, a fish in protected reserves or in water where the person concerned has no right to collect the fish). In the UK it is understood to be illegal to sell live fish as "feeder fish" for consumption by other fish or animals.
See also
Cyprinid a Wikipedia page devoted to other members of the carp family
External links
- [http://spaces.msn.com/members/chinesegoldfish/ GoldFish Queen] - The Chinese goldfish blog regarding importing goldfish from Goldfish's farm in China. There are lots of intoduction with photographs regarding more than 100 different goldfish varieties updating everyday.
- [http://www.bristol-aquarists.org.uk/ Bristol Aquarists' Society] - Photographs and descriptions of the different goldfish varieties
Cyprinid
- [http://dmoz.org/Recreation/Pets/Fish_and_Aquaria/Freshwater/Species/Goldfish/ Goldfish on DMOZ] - Goldfish directory
- [http://www.longtailfowl.com/cruciancarp.html Goldfish Genetics] - A resource on the genetics of the goldfish with a focus on the originator, crucian carp, and how their basic genetic package gave rise to the varieties of modern goldfish.
- [http://www.petlibrary.com/goldfish/goldfish.html Goldfish Sanctuary] - Site of a now defunct goldfish rescue organization.
- [http://www.goldfishparadise.com Goldfish Paradise] - Site that contains tons of information on goldfish care.
- BBC News Online - [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3893889.stm Goldfish are no longer to be given as prizes]
- BBC News Online - [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4174457.stm Ban on goldfish prizes 'dropped']
- [http://www.wetwebmedia.com/FWSubWebIndex/gldfshfdgfaqs.htm Frequently asked questions about goldfish]
- [http://www.fishfriend.com/articles/breeding_your_goldfish.html Breeding Your Goldfish]
- [http://www.fiberi.de German Specialist in Fancy Goldfish and Fishhealth, with Forum and large Picture-Gallery]
- [http://www.elgoldfish.com]
References
-
-
- [http://www.aquarticles.com/articles/ponds/Pearce_Common_Goldfishhtml.htm The Common Goldfish by Les Pearce]
Category:Carp
Category:Cold-water aquarium fish
Category:Cyprinidae
Category:Fishkeeping
Category:Pets
ja:キンギョ
LiveryA livery is a uniform worn by a civilian person. In the time of Chaucer "livery" referred to an allowance of any kind (for instance the city of Exeter in Devon, England has a street called "Livery Dole" after the Livery Dole Almshouses and Chapel, founded in March 1591), but especially clothes delivered (French livrée) to servants and members of the household. Such things might be kept in a "livery cupboard." The sense later contracted to servants' rations and distinctive standardized outfits, like the knee-breeches worn by footmen in grand houses until World War I, and to provender for horses, from which we have inherited "livery stable" (1705).
From this core meaning, multiple extended or specialist meanings have derived. Examples include:
- A livery company is one of the ancient guilds of the City of London; members of the company were allowed to dress their servants in the distinctive uniform of their trade, and the companies' charters enabled them to prevent others from embarking upon the trades within the Company's jurisdiction. In Paris, similar institutions, called Corporations were swept away by the Revolution.
- A livery is the common design and paint scheme a company will use on its vehicles, often using specific colors and logo placement. In this sense, the term is applied to railway locomotives and rolling stock, aeroplanes, and road vehicles. For example, United Parcel Service has trucks with a well-known brown livery. Another example is the British Airways ethnic liveries. The term has become extended to the logos, colors and other distinctive styles of companies in general. See also trade dress.
- A livery is the specific paint scheme and sticker design used in motorsport, on vehicles, in order to attract sponsorship and to advertise sponsors.
- A "livery vehicle" remains a legalism in the US for a vehicle for hire, such as a taxicab or chauffered limousine, but excluding a rented vehicle driven by the renter. In some jurisdictions a "livery vehicle" covers vehicles that carry up to seven passengers, but not more, thus including a jitney but excluding an omnibus or motor coach. This usage stems from the hackney cabs or coaches that could be provided by a "livery stable."
The term is rarely if ever applied in a military context, so it would be unusual for "livery" to refer to a military uniform or the painting of a military vehicle.
Category:Uniforms
James NorthcoteJames Northcote (October 22, 1746 - July 13, 1831), was an English painter.
He was born at Plymouth, and
was apprenticed to his father, a poor watchmaker. In his spare time, he drew and painted. In 1769 he left his father and set up as a portrait painter. Four years later he went to London and was admitted as a pupil into the studio and house of Sir Reynolds. At the same time he attended the Royal Academy schools.
In 1775 he left Reynolds, and about two years later, having made some money by portrait painting back in Devon, he went to study in Italy. On his return to England, three years later, he revisited his native county, then settled in London, where John Opie and Henry Fuseli were his rivals. He was elected associate of the Academy in 1786, and full academician in the following spring. The "Young Princes murdered in the Tower," his first important work on a historical subject, dates from 1786, and it was followed by the "Burial of the Princes in the Tower". Both paintings, along with seven others, were intended for Boydell's Shakespeare gallery. The "Death of Wat Tyler", now in the Guildhall, London, was exhibited in 1787; and shortly afterwards Northcote began a set of ten subjects, entitled "The Modest Girl and the Wanton", which were completed and engraved in 1796. Among the productions of Northcote's later years are the "Entombment" and the "Agony in the Garden," besides many portraits, and several animal subjects, such as "Leopards", "Dog and Heron", and "Lion"; these were more successful than the artist's efforts in the higher departments of art, as was indicated by Fuseli's caustic remark on examining the "Angel opposing Balaam" --"Northcote, you are an angel at an ass, but an ass at an angel." Northcote's works number about two thousand, and he made a fortune of £40,000.
Northcote also sought fame as an author, and his first essays were contributions to the Artist, edited by Prince Hoare. In 1813 he embodied his recollections of his old master in a Life of Reynolds. His Fables--the first series published in 1828, the second posthumously in 1833--were illustrated with woodcuts by Harvey from Northcote's own designs. In the production of his Life of Titian, his last work, which appeared in 1830, he was assisted by William Hazlitt, who previously, in 1826, had given to the public in the New Monthly Magazine his recollections of Northcote's pungent and cynical "conversations", causing some problems for the painter and his friends.
This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
Northcote, James
Northcote, James
Northcote, James
Horace WalpoleHoratio Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford, more commonly known as Horace Walpole, (September 24, 1717 – March 2, 1797), was a politician, writer, and architectural innovator
He was born in London, the youngest son of British Prime Minister Robert Walpole. He was educated at Eton College and King's College, Cambridge. His homosexual preference revealed itself early, and he is believed to have had affairs with the poet Thomas Gray, and with Henry Fiennes Clinton, 9th Earl of Lincoln (later 2nd Duke of Newcastle). Gray accompanied Walpole on the Grand Tour, but they quarrelled, and Walpole returned to England in 1741 and entered parliament. He was never politically ambitious, but remained an MP even after the death of his father in 1745 left him a man of independent means.
Following his father's politics, he was a devotee of King George II and Queen Caroline, siding with them against their son, Frederick, Prince of Wales, about whom Walpole wrote spitefully in his memoirs. Walpole's home, Strawberry Hill, near Twickenham, was a fanciful concoction of neo-Gothic which began a new architectural trend. In 1764, he published his Gothic novel, The Castle of Otranto, setting a literary trend to go with the architecture. From 1762 on, he published his Anecdotes of Painting in England, based on George Vertue's manuscript notes. His memoirs of the Georgian social and political scene, though heavily biased, are a useful primary source for historians. He also coined the term Serendipity.
His father was created Earl of Orford in 1742. Horace's elder brother, Robert Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford (c.1701-1751), passed the title on to his son George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford (1730-1791). When George died unmarried, Horace Walpole became the 4th Earl of Orford. When Horace Walpole died in 1797 the title became extinct. It was recreated in 1806 for Horace's cousin Horatio Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford (1723-1809). The great-grandson of the first earl of this creation, Horatio William Walpole (1813-1894), became the 4th Earl of Orford of the 1806 creation. The 1806 creation became extinct on the death of Robert Horace Walpole, 5th Earl of Orford (1854-1931). Descendants of a younger brother of the 1st Earl of the 1806 creation have inherited older baronies, including one once held by Horace.
External links
- [http://www.library.yale.edu/Walpole/Walstudy.htm Horace Walpole Study Resources]
-
- [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/4609 The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 1]
- [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/4610 The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 2]
- [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/4773 The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 3]
- [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/4919 The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 4]
- [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/12073 Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume I]
- [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/12074 Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume II]
- [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/696 The Castle of Otranto]
- [http://www.friendsofstrawberryhill.org The Friends of Strawberry Hill]
- [http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.asp?ContentID=140 The Twickenham Museum - Horace Walpole]
Walpole, Horace
Walpole, Horace
Walpole, Horace
Walpole, Horace
Walpole, Horace
Walpole, Horace
Category:Gay UK MPs
Walpole, Horace
Walpole, Horace
Walpole, Horace
ja:ホレス・ウォルポール
1766
1766 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).
Events
- January 1 - Bonnie Prince Charlie becomes the new Stuart claimant to the throne of Great Britain as King Charles III and figurehead for Jacobitism.
- March 5 - Antonio de Ulloa, the first Spanish governor of Louisiana, arrives in New Orleans.
- March 18 - American Revolution: The British Parliament repeals the Stamp Act which was very unpopular in the British colonies. The persuasion of Benjamin Franklin is considered partly responsible. The Declaratory Act asserts the right of Britain to bind the colonies in all other respects.
- November 10 - The last Colonial governor of New Jersey, William Franklin, signs the charter of Queen's College (later renamed Rutgers University).
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart returns to Salzburg after touring Paris and London with his father
- Christian VII becomes King of Denmark
- Lorraine becomes French again on the death of Stanislaus I Leszczyński, King of Poland
- The Burmese begin to invade the Thai kingdom of Ayutthaya.
- What is now England's oldest surviving Georgian theatre constructed in Stockton-on-Tees.
Births
- February 14 - Thomas Malthus, English demographer and economist (d. 1834)
- April 22 - Anne Louise Germaine de Stael, French author (d. 1817)
- July 8 - Dominique Jean Larrey, French surgeon (d. 1842)
- August 6 William Hyde Wollaston, English chemist (d. 1828)
- September 6 - John Dalton, English chemist and physicist (d. 1844)
- October 23 - Emmanuel, marquis de Grouchy, French marshal (d. 1847)
- November 2 - Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, Austrian field marshal (d. 1858)
- December 3 - Barbara Fritchie, U.S. patriot in Civil War (d. 1862)
Deaths
- January 1 - James Francis Edward Stuart, "The Old Pretender" (b. 1688)
- January 9 - Thomas Birch, English historian (b. 1705)
- January 13 - King Frederick V of Denmark (b. 1723)
- January 19 - Jean-Nicolas Servan, French architect and painter (b. 1695)
- January 21 - James Quin, English actor (b. 1693)
- February 5 - Leopold Josef Graf Daun, Austrian field marshal (b. 1705)
- February 23 - Stanislaus I Leszczyński, King of Poland (b. 1677)
- April 4 - John Taylor, English classical scholar (b. 1704)
- April 7 - Tiberius Hemsterhuis, Dutch philologist and critic (b. 1685)
- May 5 - Jean Astruc, French physician and scholar
- May 8 - Samuel Chandler, English non-conformist minister (b. 1693)
- June 24 - Adrien-Maurice, 3rd duc de Noailles, French soldier (b. 1678)
- July 9 - Jonathan Mayhew, American minister and patriot (b. 1720)
- July 11 - Elizabeth Farnese, queen of Philip V of Spain (b. 1692)
- July 14 - František Maxmilián Kaňka, Czech architect (b. 1674)
- September 3 - Archibald Bower, Scottish historian (b. 1686)
- September 13 - Benjamin Heath, English classical scholar (b. 1704)
- November 9 - Unico Wilhelm van Wassenaer, Dutch composer (b. 1692)
- December 12 - Johann Christoph Gottsched, German writer (b. 1700)
Category:1766
ko:1766년
ms:1766
simple:1766
Lead
:Pb redirects here. For PB or pb as an abbreviation, go to PB.
Lead is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Pb (L. plumbum) and atomic number 82. A soft, heavy, toxic and malleable poor metal, lead is bluish white when freshly cut but tarnishes to dull gray when exposed to air. Lead is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries, bullets and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, and fusible alloys. Lead has the highest atomic number of all stable elements. (But see the article on Bismuth, which has a half life so long it can be considered stable.)
Notable characteristics
Lead has a bright luster and is a dense, ductile, very soft, highly malleable, bluish-white metal that has poor electrical conductivity. This true metal is highly resistant to corrosion. Because of this property, it is used to contain corrosive liquids (e.g. sulfuric acid). Lead can be toughened by adding a small amount of antimony or other metals to it. Lead is the only metal in which there is zero Thomson effect.
Applications
- Lead is a major constituent of the Lead-acid battery used extensively in car batteries.
- Lead was used as a white pigment in Lead paint.
- Lead is used as a coloring element in ceramic glazes.
- Lead was used for plumbing in Ancient Rome.
- Lead sticks were used as pencils but has been replaced by graphite for the last 450 years.
- Lead is used as projectiles for Firearms and fishing sinkers because of its density, low cost verse alternative products and ease of use due to relatively low melting point.
- Lead is used in some candles to treat the wick to ensure a longer, more even burn. Because of the dangers, European and North American manufacturers use more expensive alternatives such as zinc. [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2427]
- Lead is used as shielding from radiation.
- Lead glass is comprised of 12-28% lead. It changes the optical characteristics of the glass and reduces the transmission of radiation.
- Tetraethyl lead has been used in leaded fuels to reduce engine knocking; however, this is no longer common practice in the Western World due to health concerns.
- Lead is used as electrodes in the process of electrolysis.
History
Lead has been used by humans for at least 7000 years, because it was (and continues to be) widespread and easy to extract, as well as easy to work with, being both highly malleable and ductile as well as easy to smelt. In the early bronze age lead was used with antimony and arsenic. Lead was mentioned in the Book of Exodus. Alchemists thought that lead was the oldest metal and associated it with the planet Saturn. Lead pipes that bear the insignia of Roman emperors are still in service and many Roman "pigs" (ingots) of lead figure in Derbyshire lead mining history and in the history of the industry in other English centres. Lead's symbol Pb is an abbreviation of its Latin name plumbum. The English word "plumbing" also derives from this Latin root.
By the mid-1980s, a significant shift in lead end-use patterns had taken place. Much of this shift was a result of the U.S. lead consumers' compliance with environmental regulations that significantly reduced or eliminated the use of lead in nonbattery products, including gasoline, paints, solders, and water systems.
Occurrence
gasoline
Native lead does occur in nature, but it is rare. Currently lead is usually found in ore with zinc, silver and (most abundantly) copper, and is extracted together with these metals. The main lead mineral is galena (PbS), which contains 86.6% lead. Other common varieties are cerussite (PbCO3) and anglesite (PbSO4). But more than half of the lead used currently comes from recycling.
In mining, the ore is extracted by drilling or blasting and then crushed and ground. The ore is then treated using extractive metallurgy. The Froth flotation process separates the lead and other minerals from the waste rock (tailings) to form a concentrate. The concentrate, which can range from 50% to 60% lead, is dried and then treated using pyrometallurgy. The concentrate is sintered before being smelted in to produce a 97% lead concentrate. The lead is then cooled in stages which causes the lighter impurites (dross) to rise to the surface where they can be removed. The molten lead bullion is then refined by additional smelting with air being passed over the lead to form a slag layer containing any remaining impurities and producing 99.9% pure lead.
Isotopes
Lead has four stable, naturally occurring isotopes: Pb-204 (1.4%), Pb-206 (24.1%), Pb-207 (22.1%) and Pb-208 (52.4%). Pb-206, Pb-207 and Pb-208 are all radiogenic, and are the end products of complex decay chains that begin at U-238, U-235 and Th-232 respectively. The corresponding half-lives of these decay schemes vary markedly: 4.47 × 109, 7.04 × 108 and 1.4 × 1010 years, respectively. Each is reported relative to 204Pb, the only non-radiogenic stable isotope. The ranges of isotopic ratios for most natural materials are 14.0-30.0 for Pb-206/Pb-204, 15.0-17.0 for Pb-207/Pb-204 and 35.0-50.0 for Pb-208/Pb-204, although numerous examples outside these ranges are reported in the literature.
Precautions
Lead is a poisonous metal that can damage nervous connections (especially in young children) and cause blood and brain disorders. Long term exposure to lead or its salts (especially soluble salts or the strong oxidant PbO2) can cause nephropathy, and colic-like abdominal pains. The historical use of lead acetate (also known as sugar of lead) by the Roman Empire as a sweetener for wine is considered by some to be the cause of the dementia which affected many of the Roman Emperors.
Health effects
Main article: lead poisoning
The concern about lead's role in mental retardation in children has brought about widespread reduction in its use (lead exposure has been linked to schizophrenia). Paint containing lead has been withdrawn from sale in industralised countries, though many older houses may still contain substantial lead in their old paint: it is generally recommended that old paint should not be stripped by sanding, as this generates inhalable dust.
Lead salts used in pottery glazes have on occasion caused poisoning, when acid drinks, such as fruit juices, have leached lead ions out of the glaze. It has been suggested that what was known as "Devon colic" arose from the use of lead-lined presses to extract apple juice in the manufacture of cider. Lead is considered to be particularly harmful for women's ability to reproduce. For that reason many universities do not hand out lead-containing samples to women for instructional laboratory analyses.
The earliest pencils actually used lead, though 'pencil leads' have been made for the last couple of centuries from graphite, a naturally occurring form (allotrope) of carbon.
Language derivations
The Latin plumbum has given birth to a number of terms in the English language:
- Plumbing, or system of piping, derives from the fact that pipes were once made of lead.
- Plumb bob or plummet, a small, pointed body of metal the weight of which is used to draw a string vertical under tension, refers to the fact that they were originally made from lead.
- Plumb wall is so-said because a plumb bob is used to find the vertical.
- Plumbing the depths derives from the use of the lead weight to draw the sounding line down to the bottom of the water body (or to the end of the line if the water's really deep!).
- Plumb crazy may derive from the fact that lead poisoning can cause insanity; or, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, from a U.S. sense of plum (derived from plumb) meaning 'completely'.
- Plumbism is the medical term for lead poisoning.
- Aplomb comes from the French à plomb, meaning plumb vertical, and therefore confident and cool.
The plum, however, does not get its name from this root. Rather, plum is derived from the Old English word plume.
Literature
- Keisch, B., Feller, R. L., Levine, A. S., and Edwards, R. R.: Dating and Authenticating Works of Art by Measurement of Natural Alpha Emitters. In: Science, 155, No. 3767, p. 1238-1242, 1967.
- Keisch, B: Dating Works of Art Trough their Natural Radioactivity: Improvements and Applications. In: Science, 160, p. 413-415, 1968.
- Keisch, B: Discriminating Radioactivity Measurements of Lead: New Tool for Authentication. In: Curator, 11, No. 1., p. 41-52, 1968.
References
- [http://www.asmalldoseof.org/toxicology/lead.php/ A Small Dose of Toxicology:Lead]
- [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/82.html Los Alamos National Laboratory - Lead]
External links
- [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HEC/CSEM/lead/ Case Studies in Environmental Medicine - Lead Toxicity]
- [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pb/index.html WebElements.com - Lead]
- [http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mfishsinkers.html Do lead fishing sinkers threaten the environment?] (from The Straight Dope)
Category:Chemical elements
Category:Poor metals
category:toxicology
ja:鉛
th:ตะกั่ว
Lucy LocketLucy Locket is an English nursery rhyme.
:Lucy Locket lost her pocket,
:Kitty Fisher found it;
:Not a penny was there in it,
:Only ribbon round it.
The tune for Lucy Locket was later used as the basis for Yankee Doodle.
Explanation
Lucy Locket was a barmaid at the Cock, in Fleet Street, London, sometime in the 1700s. Lucy discarded one of her lovers (her 'pocket') when she had run through all his money. Kitty Fisher, a noted courtesan, took up with him, even though he had no money.
External references
- [http://nurseryrhymes.allinfoabout.com/lucy_locket.html All Info About Nursery Rhymes] entry for Lucy Locket.
- [http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/taylorgr/sxnhst/chap9.htm Sense And Sensuality]. Chapter 9 of Sex In History by Gordon Rattray Taylor.
Category:Nursery rhymes
Category:1767 deaths
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Jewish superheroes
: The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.
The result of the debate was keep. bainer ( talk) 12:01, 10 December 2005 (UTC)
Listcruft, too vauge also, how could you tell if the superhero is Jewish anyways, I dont trust the sources as they are geocitys etc and without substantial proof,Delete -- Aranda 56) 03:44, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- Keep - I don't see the harm in it. Its not going to be an overly large list, since superheroes are not typically Jewish, and it is somewhat rare. As for the issues about proof, I think that that can be dealt with by citing sources and using other standard wikipolicies. Zordrac (talk) Wishy Washy Darwikinian Eventualist 03:55, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- Delete short of hard proof that any of them actually exist. - Splashtalk 04:01, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- Keep per Zordrac - Meegs 04:26, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- It is only reasonably to say that it "can be dealt with by citing sources" if such sources can be and are found. Geocities webpages aren't authoritative enough for me, by a long way. WP:RS, 'n all. - Splashtalk 04:31, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- I don't know much about any of these comics, but looking that the wp pages for the characters, it seems that for some of them, their religion is well established in the comics. For such characters, the comics themselves is a sufficient source (the whole series, no specific citation required). I do agree that many others, maybe exactly those whose WP articles don't reference the character being jewish, require sourcing (though possibly in the character's own page instead of the list). Nevertheless, the article itself is a good idea - and the list will be small and maintainable. As Zordrac mentions, there are other procedures to deal with articles that require verification. The history of the page shows a lot of interest in the topic, and indicates to me that the page will likely be improved, not just expanded. - Meegs 05:54, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- None of the heroes listed here are contentious. I don't have access to individual issues to be able to source any of them, but they can be sourced with reference to the actual texts. Steve block talk 10:40, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
- Weak keep, IFF it is sourced. User:Zoe| (talk) 04:49, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- I looked at the links in the article and three of the links I dont trust as they just accpeted any users opinion on whos a jewish superhero and whos not and the imdb link is irrelavent so its not properly sourced as I see it -- Aranda 56) 05:01, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
:I'm not sure. Although I thought this was the one "List of Jewish people" that struck me as basically silly(unlike the ones that have actually been deleted which at worst were overly specific) if there are similar lists for other groups it should stay. There apparently is a List of black superheroes. Plus people who come to Wikipedia I think tend to be disproportionately dorky. (I am on the dorky side myself, though not about comics) Knowing which superhero was Jewish, African-American, gay, etc seems important to many dorky people. Cutting this list out might be slighting a group, I mean "the dorkish" not Jewish people, who have contributed a great deal to Wikipedia.-- T. Anthony 05:32, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
::We don't 'give out' sympathy to low standards articles as a reward for contributing. Knowing whether a superhero is black or not requires determining what colour the ink on the paper is, without need for any sources probably. Determining any of the things you mention, including Jewishness, requires proof beyond a Geocities page. We should not compromise our standards of verifiabily sourced articles for fear of a peculiar kind of offence of upsetting cartoon characters or those who like them. - Splashtalk 05:39, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
:::Well my statement was not entirely serious as should have been in least somewhat clear. Although I was thinking that as this might be interesting enough to users who would come here deletion might become a waste of time as someone would try to recreate a list like this in short order. Although looking it up that interest is rather more minor then I may have thought.[http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&safe=active&q=%22Jewish+superhero%22&btnG=Search] So essentially I'd actually lean to delete. However there are a few comic characters I know of where they did have them say they were Jewish, or Christian or Armenian or whatever, explicitly. Possibly if limited to those cases, with the comic and page number cited, that'd be acceptable.-- T. Anthony 05:49, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- Keep. Encyclopedic. -- Arcadian 05:56, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- Keep. I agree that the article is a little silly and somewhat inaccurate, but it is definitely encyclopedic. I'm voting to keep it. If you think the article is inaccurate then you should make a case for improving it. Deleting articles just because they are inaccurate is not a good idea. Aucaman 07:35, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- All those of you saying that it can be verified and the like: please do put your edits where your opinions are... - Splashtalk 07:38, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- Delete. Listcruft. I hate listcruft. Reyk 08:02, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- Delete for omitting the Diceman. Keep, pending cleanup and citation of reliable sources. 08:25, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- Merge! to List of fictitious Jews. Why didn't I think of that before? 08:49, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- I go with that then Merge. (That said it should still be limited to comic characters where you can verify they are Jewish. As in the character said it and it was consistent. Arthur (The Tick), in least in the animated series, and the main character in Maus are the examples popping in my head at the moment. Although I imagine there are others.-- T. Anthony 11:14, 4 December 2005 (UTC))
- Comment You can't put Art Spiegelman's dad in a list of fictitious jews. That said, I agree with the Merge if done correctly. Steve block talk 14:34, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
- - Oops! I guess I was thinking the mice, weren't they supposed to in least represent Jewish people? To be honest I don't much like that name List of fictitious Jews, but I'm a Gentile/Goy so what do I know about it? Are there many other lists that use the word "fictitious" though?(I find only List of songs about fictitious bands or musicians)-- T. Anthony 15:43, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
- - Well, yes, the mice do represent Jewish people, but the work isn't fictive. As to the lists, best bet is to see Archive of fictional things which should stagger you. It staggered me. Steve block talk 17:16, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
- Delete, this is the sort of information the Comic Book Guy collects in his computer, it has no place whatsoever in Wikipedia. -- Agamemnon2 08:44, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- Delete, I agree with Agamemnon2, and I also don't see the point of having a "List of Jewish foo" for every type of foo imaginable. Is this anti-Semitism? — JIP | Talk 09:53, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- Keep I enjoyed reading and writing this page. It is useful information for comic lovers. MosheZadka 12:22, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- Delete, I agree that it's listcruft. JIP and Splash hit the nail on the head. Peeper 12:25, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- Keep. BlankVerse 13:25, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- This is just about the only list of Jews that I'm actually tempted to vote "keep" on, as it's actually likely that Jewish identity is likely to be a signficant aspect of a superhero's character in a way that it's unlikely to be significant that a given baker or dentist is Jewish. I'm dubious, however, because the list as it stands contains a lot of doubtful claims (how can Superman be Jewish when he's not even human?). Instead of keeping this as it stands, why not move to something like Judaism in comics and write an encyclopedia article on the subject, making reference to only those characters who are actually explicitly and significantly Jewish, and doing so in prose instead of as a list? That would be a strong keep. This is just a weak keep and strong cleanup. — Haeleth Talk 14:52, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- Keep and clean-up per Haeleth. This is one occasion where a character's ethnicity and/or religion is notable because of their relative rarity. Traditionally, superheroes have been either WASP or something close to it. 23skidoo 16:22, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- Keep and prune unsourced entries. I don't like the amount of lists on Jewish people, but if the fact is well-established in their comics I see no good reason to delete it. As of yet there's no lists on Hindu superheroes or Roman-Catholic superheroes... - Mgm|(talk) 18:52, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
- Delete Has it occured to anyone yet that superheroes aren't real? Just as fictional characters cannot be American citizens, so fictional characters cannot be Jewish (or any other religion for that matter). Kill as listcruft. --Bachrach44 19:12, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
:Of course it has, there's no need to patronize. We have a whole category though of :Category:Lists of fictional characters. I'm not entirely comfortable with how much pop-culture minutiae is on Wikipedia, but if a fictional character is noteworthy enough I could see him/her as an article. That's why I was for merging to List of fictitious Jews. A section for comic book characters could easily be made there and a general sectioning by media could also be done.(Like sections for Jewish characters in literature, television, etc.)--T. Anthony 00:38, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
- Keep Quite informative and shows that Comic books and the such and super heroes are not automatically Christian. Cobra 20:27, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
:I've never seen the superheroes as overwhelmingly Christian. Was Batman a real churchgoer? Weren't several of the X-Men into some kind of Animism?(For example Storm was some kind of goddess in Africa I think) On ethnicity there might've been very Gentile, but as the vast majority of the world are Gentiles(In the Jewish sense, also in the Mormon sense too) I'm not sure that means much--T. Anthony 00:38, 5 December 2005 (UTC)
- Keep: entirely valid for an encyclopedia. I'm afraid that use of the term "listcruft" simply speaks to me of "list of things I can't be bothered with", and I'm getting tired of people nominating articles for deletion simply because they aren't familiar with the subject. You don't come to an encyclopedia expecting to know everything you're going to read: you expect to find stuff out. —Phil | Talk 09:06, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
:I think this is slightly silly, and I would feel the same with a List of superheroes with disabilities or List of Catholic superheroes. That said I would go keep before delete. Too many lists are getting deleted almost for no reason except "I don't like lists" or "we have too many." In just Wikipedia:List of lists/uncategorized there are in least 3600 lists. You'd have to delete a hundred a day for five weeks, without any new ones coming, to get it down to a hundred. It's just a fool's errand. Eventually people will just accept lists are unlikely to disappear unless they are somehow summarily destroyed all at once. Then again I agree with removing the silliest or most trivial ones. This strikes me as borderline to that so I went with merge instead of keep.--T. Anthony 12:10, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
- Keep. I usually vote 'delete' on List of Jewish (something) articles, but this one makes sense to me. Youngamerican 17:51, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
- Delete haha and delete List of fictitious Jews while you're at it --- both jokes EscapeArtistsNeverDie 01:34, 8 December 2005 (UTC)
:The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.
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